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Termites are known to carry pollen and regularly visit blossoms,177 so are regarded as potential pollinators for a number of flowering plants.178 One blossom in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging employees, and it is perhaps the only Orchidaceae blossom in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
Many plants have developed powerful defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only grow when they've passed the seedling stage.179 Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant compounds into the woody cell walls.180 This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When retained near the infusion, they become disoriented and eventually die.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of three sites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites had been present in the 3 websites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.
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The wood-feeders were the most severely affected feeding group. .
A termite nest can be considered as being composed of 2 parts, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is the structure itself, which can be constructed from the termites. Nests can be broadly separated into three main classes: subterranean (entirely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (built above ground, but constantly connected to the ground via shield tubes).184 Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the ground with ground contact and are created out of earth and mud.
Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.186 Primitive termites of now nest in wooden structures such as logs, stumps and the dead portions of trees, as did termites millions of years back.184.
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To build their nests, termites primarily use faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials include partly digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and dirt, used in subterranean nest and mound construction. Not all nests are visible, as many nests in tropical woods are situated underground.186 Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are great examples of subterranean nest builders, since they only dwell inside tunnels.
Nests and mounds protect the termites' delicate bodies against desiccation, mild, pathogens and parasites, in addition to providing a fortification against predators.188Nests made from carton are especially weak, and thus the inhabitants utilize counter-attack approaches against invading predators. .
Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change results from bacterial decay in the intestine web link of the termites: they utilize their faeces as a carton building material. Arboreal termites nests can account for as much as 2% of above ground carbon monoxide in Puerto Rican mangrove swamps.
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Nests are considered mounds if they protrude from the earth's surface. A mound provides termites the exact same protection as a nest but is stronger.189 Mounds found in areas with torrential and continuous rainfall are at risk of mound erosion as a result of their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can offer protection from the rain, and in fact can withstand high precipitation.
For example, Cubitermes colonies build narrow tunnels utilized as strong points, since the diameter of the tunnels is little enough for soldiers to obstruct.192 A highly protected chamber, known as the"queens mobile", houses the queen and king and is employed as a last line of defence. .
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably construct the most complex structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the biggest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 feet), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.56 Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can build nests 3Â to 4Â metres (9Â to 13 feet) high and 2.5 metres (8Â ft ) wide.
The sculptured mounds occasionally have fancy and distinctive types, like the ones of the compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which builds tall, wedge-shaped mounds using the long axis oriented approximately northsouth, which gives them their common name.194195 This orientation has been experimentally shown to help thermoregulation. The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase quickly during the morning while avoiding overheating from the midday sun.